Quercus suber - The cork oak is an evergreen oak native to Southwestern Europe and Northwestern Africa. The bark is used in the manufacturing of cork surfacing and bottle stoppers. The bark from a cork oak can be harvested every 9 to 12 years. The removal does not harm the tree; it is able to replace the bark without any negative effect. Cork is harvested in several countries. Over 25,000 square kilometers of land have been collectively dedicated to the harvesting of cork.
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The unification of Portugal and Spain lasted from 1580 until 1640. Sebastian of Portugal died in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578 and King Henry of Portugal died in 1580. Portugal was left without an heir to the throne. Philip II of Spain claimed the Portuguese crown and became Philip I of Portugal. Portugal retained a degree of self-rule, but suffered from a series of wars it was forced to fight as Spain’s ally. Discontent led to an uprising and Portugal’s sovereignty was restored in 1640.
